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MUST  GREEK  GO? 


BY 


JOHN    KENNEDY 


SUP'T  OP  SCHOOLS,  BATAVIA,  N.  Y. 


SYRACUSE,     N.     Y. 

C.  W.  BARDEEN,  PUBLISHER 

1894 


Copyright,  1894,  by  JOHN  KENNEDY 


MUST  GREEK  fiO  ? 

\The  propriety  of  teaching  Greek  in  our  secondary 
schools  has  been  called  in  question  by  some  of  the 
most  eminent  men  in  educational  circles;  In  some 
quarters  there  is  even  an  organized  propaganda 
against  the  further  teaching  of  Greek.  This  will  be 
viewed  with  alarm  by  the  friends  of  Greek,  and 
voices  large  and  small  will  be  raised  in  its  defence. 
But  I  think  that  none  of  those  voices,  large  or  small, 
will  treat  otherwise  than  with  the  most  profound 
respect  the  eminent  gentlemen  who  have  expressed 
the  opposing  views. 

It  is  held  that  Greek  is  not  an  essential  element  of 
a  liberal  education,  and  that  it  may  therefore  be 
relegated  to  the  class  of  special  Studies  pursued  in 
universities  by  educated  men  for  reasons  special  to 
themselves.  It  is  held  moreover  that  it  is  no  recog- 
nizable element  in  modern  civilization,  and  that  the 
teaching  of  it  is  therefore  at  variance  with  sound 
pedagogical  doctrine]  ^ 

There  are  two  aspects  of  the  question  "  Must  Greek 
Go?  "  First,  is  it  likely  to  go?  that  is,  is  it  getting 

(5) 

91557 


6  MUST  GREEK  Go? 

under  the  ban  and  likely  to  be  set  aside?  Secondly, 
ought  it  to  go  ?  I  think  that  the  first  question  may 
be  answered  very  promptly  and  emphatically  in  the 
negative.  My  information  is  that  the  teaching  of 
Greek  in  the  secondary  schools  is  decidedly  on  the 
increase.  If  I  am  correctly  informed  then  Greek  is- 
not  likely  to  go  at  present ;  and  we  may  discuss  at 
our  leisure  the  question  of  whether  it  ought  to  go.. 
If  it  ought  to  go  it  will  go  eventually ;  if  it  stays, 
that  is  presumptive  evidence  that  it  ought  to  stay. 
(There  is  much  significance  in  vox populi.  The  great 
man  who  founded  Cornell  University  left  for  its 
portals  a  legend  that  will  thrill  the  hearts  of  men  to 
remotest  ages  :  "  I  would  found  an  institution  where 
any  person  can  find  instruction  in  any  study."  There 
was  a  time  when  intercollegiate  athletics  were  not  so 
all-shadowing  as  now;  there  was  then  an  opportunity 
for  intercollegiate  contests  in  matters  intellectual. 
Cornell  entered  the  arena ;  and  it  was  a  matter  of 
interest  to  many  to  know  what  kind  of  scholarship 
the  great  university  would  produce  under  the  elective 
system.  [The  newspapers  of  the  country  blazoned 
the  fact  that  Cornell  bore  off  the  prize  in  Greek. 
The  victory  brought  more  credit  to  the  University 
than  a  thousand  regattas  or  a  train-load  of  foot-ball 
trophies.  It  was  taken  that  the  best  in  education 


MUST  GREEK  Go  ?  7 

would  take  care  of  itself  without  being  forced — thatl 
Greek  would  survive  because  the  people  wanted  it.\ 

In  nearly  all  the  secondary  schools  Greek  is  optional ; 
and  if  it  is  gaining  ground,  as  I  believe  it  is,  it  is 
solely  because  there  is  a  demand  for  it.  \  It  is  staying 
Because  of  its  own  inherent  popularity  and  momentum.l 

In  reply  to  the  assertion  that  the  secondary  schools 
should  prepare  for  life  rather  than  for  college  I  would 
say  that  Greek  is  studied  in  secondary  schools  by  very 
many  students  who  have  no  thought  of  going  to  col- 
lege. They  study  it  simply  because  they  deem  it  a 
precious  privilege. 

The  battle  has  shifted  ground  somewhat.  I  Until 
recently  the  objection  was  to  the  teaching  of  dead 
languages,  including  both  Latin  and  Greek ;  now 
Greek  alone  is  made  to  bear  the  brunt  of  animadver- 
sion. \But  the  argument  is  much  the  same. 

A  few  of  the  former  friends  of  liberal  studies 
have  changed  sides  so  far  as  the  Greek  is  concerned. 
They  have  done  this  they  say  in  deference  to  the  spirit 
of  the  age.  Now  I  venture  to  say  to  those  few  friends 
who  were  formerly  among  our  most  trusted  and 
honored  leaders,  and  who  still  have  our  complete 
respect,  if  not  our  most  thorough  subordination,  that 
they  seern  to  me  to  misunderstand  the  spirit  of  the 
age.  And  I  would  respectfully  ask  them  whether  in 


8  MUST  GREEK  Go  ? 

conceding  Greek  they  have  not  logically  conceded 
Latin  also?  And,  putting  aside  all  question  of 
ingeniousness  in  the  method  of  forcing  the  issue,  I 
would  ask  them  whether  a  degree  that  once  implied 
Greek  must  necessarily  continue  to  imply  Latin  ? 
Have  they  not  yielded  the  whole  question  of  classical 
studies  in  their  relation  to  liberal  culture  ? 

Many  of  us  think  that  Greek  will  stay,  and  that  it 
ought  to  stay.  We  think  that  we  have  a  good  case. 

One  reason  for  thinking  that  the  Greek  language 
will  continue  to  be  taught  is  that  it  must  be  taught 
to  a  certain  extent.  \  The  English  language  being 
Greek  throughout  a  certain  scope,  any  thorough  teach- 
ing of  English  must  involve  the  teaching  of  more  or 
less  Greek.  The  words  apathy r,  sympathy,  pathos, 
and  pathetic  must  be  connected.  It  would  be  unpar- 
donable to  ignore  the  connection.  Their  structural 
elements  must  be  recognized  as  stems,  prefixes,  and 
suffixes ;  and  the  connection  made  through  the  com- 
mon stem  path  meaning  to  feel,  or  to  suffer.  That 
there  is  a  connection  between '  lack  of  feeling ', '  feeling 
with,'  and  '  causing  feeling,'  or  '  stirring  the  feelings ' 
needs  no  argument.  There  is  a  connection  of  form 
and  there  is  a  corresponding  connection  of  sense.  To 
ignore  these  connections  would  be  to  do  scant  justice 
to  the  teaching  of  English.  But  the  connection  can 


MUST  GREEK  Go?  9 

be  extended  to  homoeopathy ,  or  the  production  of  '  like 
feelings'  (or  '  like  symptoms'),  and  to  allopathy,  or 
the  production  of  '  other  feelings '  (or  *  opposite  symp- 
toms ').  He  is  but  a  poor  teacher  of  English  who 
ignores  the  literal  sense  of  terms.  Such  analyses  as 
the  above  are  taught  in  grades  far  below  the  second- 
ary schools,  nor  are  they  discontinued  in  the  second- 
ary school. 

Those  analyses  are  not  taught  as  exercises  in  Greek  ; 
they  are  taught  as  exercises  in  English.  But  it  is  the 
Greek  English ;  and  that  is  pretty  close  to  Greek 
Greek.  I  believe  that  much  of  the  tendency  toward 
Greek  is  due  to  the  law  of  affinity.  There  is  either  a 
feeling  or  a  recognition  that  one  perfects  his  mastery 
of  English  in  the  study  of  Greek.  The  child  responds 
to  the  parent. 

lOne  good  reason  for  taking  up  Greek  in  the  second- 
ary school  is  that  the  student  already  knows  so  much 
about  it.!  It  will  be  more  easily  mastered  than  a  lan- 
guage about  which  he  knows  nothing.  Its  study  is 
dictated  by  the  mere  economy  of  energy.  If  to  the 
idea  of  the  easiest  the  idea  of  the  best  is  added  then 
the  Greek  question  is  settled.  In  most  minds  Greek 
takes  precedence  of  everything  else,  and  it  is  regarded 
as  the  very  badge  if  not  the  exclusive  test  of  a  liberal 
education.  I  believe  that  Greek  will  maintain  this 


10  MUST  GREEK  Go  ? 

1  supremacy,  and  that  it  ought  to  do  so.     I  believe 
that  the  Greek  scholar  will  continue  to  be  the  envy 

,  of  the  youngsters,  and  that  he  ought  to  be  so. 

It  is  said  that  Greek  forms  no  recognizable  element 
in  modern  civilization.  Why,  what  is  modern  civil- 
ization but  a  resumption  of  the  study  of  Greek? 
The  nations  once  stopped  studying  Greek ;  and  the 
light  went  out.  The  hovel  of  the  benighted  barbarian 
was  found  superposed  above  the  mosaics  and  between 
the  graceful  columns  of  a  noble  civilization.  The 
Greeks  were  driven  out  of  Constantinople  into  the 
west;  they  taught  their  books  for  a  living;  andlo! 
all  is  transformed  !  Touched  by  this  lamp  of  Alad- 
din the  groping  peasants  bounded  up  into  imperial- 
visioned  Angelos,  Raphaels,  Oolumbuses,  Shakes- 
peares,  and  Miltons.  Such  nectar  transformed  the 
clods  into  gods ;  and  here  we  are  in  the  full  blaze  of 
glory!  No  element  in  modern  civilization?  Why, 
the  minute  a  modern  man  becomes  inspired  he 
asserts  his  ancestry  and  his  birth-right ;  he  becomes  a 
Greek  of  the  Greeks,  and  stands  upon  Parnassus. 

"  The  hand  that  rounded  Peter's  dome 
And  groined  the  aisles  of  Christian  Rome 
Wrought  in  a  sad  sincerity  ; 
Himself  from  God  he  could  not  free  ; 
He  builded  better  than  he  knew  ; 
The  conscious  stone  to  beauty  grew." 


MUST  GREEK  Go?  11 

He  builded  better  than  he  knew  because  his  mind 
was   teeming  with    Greek   temples,  Greek  statuary, 
and  all  the  ravishing  forms  of  Greek  art. 
See  Shakespeare  on  Parnassus: 

"  See  what  a  grace  was  seated  on  this  brow  ; 
Hyperion's  looks,  the  front  of  Jove  himself  ; 
An  eye  like  Mars  to  threaten  and  command  ; 
A  station  like  the  herald  Mercury 
New  lighted  on  a  human-kissing  hill  ; 
A  combination  and  a  form  indeed 
Where  every  god  did  seem  to  set  his  seal 
To  give  the  world  assurance  of  a  man." 

Again  : 

'  '  On  such  a  night 

Troilus  methinks  mounted  the  Trojan  walls 
And  sighed  his  soul  toward  the  Grecian  tents, 

Where  Cressid  lay  that  night. 

*  *  *  * 

On  such  a  night 

Did  Thisbe  fearfully  o'er  trip  the  dew, 
And  saw  the  lion's  shadow  e'er  himself, 
And  ran  dismayed  away. 

•X-  *  *  -X- 

On  such  a  night 

Medea  gathered  the  enchanted  herbs 
That  did  renew  old 


On  such  a  night 

Stood  Dido  on  the  wild  sea  bank 
With  a  willow  in  her  hand  to  waft  her  love 
To  come  again  to  Carthage. 


12  MUST  GREEK  Go  ? 

And  thus  again  and  again  the  finest  touches  come 
out  in  Greek,  showing  the  domination  of  Greek 

^imagery  and  Greek  ideals. 

j     Milton   was  Milton   because  Homer  was   Homer. 

I  There  were  just  two  men  between  them,  Virgil  and 
Dante.  Virgil  wrote  with  his  eye  on  Homer ;  Dante 
wrote  with  his  eye  on  Virgil,  and  affectionately 
acknowledged  his  debt;  Milton  wrote  with  his  eye 
on  Dante.  Truly  modern  literature  would  lose  much 
if  it  lost  its  genesis. 

Modern  literature  is  very  fine,  taking  into  account 
the  fact  that  it  is  the  reflection  of  a  reflection.  But 
fine  as  it  is  the  original  luminary  is  finer;  and  the 
reflection  is  appreciated  best  when  it  is  known  as  a, 
reflection.  Truth  is  always  delightful ;  and  modern 
literature  is  best  enjoyed  when  it  is  seen  what  modern 
literature  is. 

Longfellow  looks  at  the  sublime  mountains  with 
Greek  eyes. 

"  Centuries  old  are  the  mountains  ; 
Their  foreheads  wrinkled  and  rifted 
Helios  crowns  by  day, 
Pallid  Selene  by  night. 
From  their  bosoms  uptossed 
The  snows  are  driven  and  drifted, 
Like  Tithonus's  beard 
Streaming  disheveled  and  white. 


MUST  GREEK  Go?  13 

Ever  unmoved  they  stand 
Solemn,  eternal  and  proud. 


Guarding  the  mountains  around 

Majestic  the  forests  are  standing. 
Bright  are  their  crested  helms, 
Dark  is  their  armor  of  leaves  ; 
Filled  with  the  breath  of  freedom 
Each  bosom  subsiding,  expanding, 
Now  like  the  ocean  sinks, 
Now  like  the  ocean  upheaves. 
Planted  firm  on  the  rock, 
With  foreheads  stern  and  defiant, 
Loud  to  the  winds  they  shout ; 
Loud  to  the  tempests  they  call  ; 
Naught  but  Olympian  thunders 
That  shattered  Titan  and  Giant, 
Them  can  uproot  and  overthrow, 
Shaking  the  earth  with  their  fall." 

Such  imagery  would  fix  any  one's  place  in  the  cate- 
gory of  great  poets.     But  none  would  mistake  the 
sources  of  his  inspiration  or  the  form  of  his  culture. 
His  years  in  Bowdoin  and  Harvard  were  not  in  vain. 
Even  the  gentle  Whittier  is  swept  out  of  his  serenity 
at  times  and  becomes  an  impassioned  Greek. 
' '  What  unseen  altar  crowns  the  hills 
That  rise  up  stair  by  stair  ? 
What  eyes  peep  through  ?  what  white  wings  fan 
Those  purple  veils  of  air  ? 
What  Presence  from  the  heavenly  height 


14  MUST  GKEEK  Go  ? 

To  those  on  earth  stoops  down  ? 
Not  vainly  Hellas  dreamed  of  gods 
On  Ida's  snowy  crown." 

The  "fine  frenzy"  brings  the  poet  out  as  he  is; 
and  our  modern  poets  when  brought  out  are  pretty 
good  Greeks. 

;  It  is  true  that  Shakespeare  had  "  little  Latin  and 
less  Greek "  ;  but  Erasmus,  Oolet,  More,  Spencer, 
Sidney,  Jonson,  Beaumont,  and  Fletcher  read  it  into 
him.  j  They  saturated  him  with  their  own  studies. 
It  tsrrrue  that  Burns  and  Keats  could  not  go  directly 
to  the  Oastalian  Spring;  but  Milton,  Dryden,  Pope, 
Addison,  Johnson,  Goldsmith,  Burke.  Byron,  and 
Shelly  were  scattering  oceans  of  it  upon  the  sturdy 
plants  of  Britain.  A  distinguished  statesman  of  our 
own  country  in  defending  the  right  to  maintain  high 
,  schools  at  the  public  expense,  said  that  if  he  had  the 
task  of  making  fifteen  hundred  people  enlightened 
he  would  perform  it  by  taking  fifty  of  them  and 
educating  those  fifty  to  the  highest  point  which  their 
capacities  would  admit.  Those  fifty  would  diffuse 
their  culture  among  the  rest,  and  lift  the  rest  measur- 
ably to  their  own  plane.  Burns  pathetically  laments 
that  he  is  obliged  to  get  the  classic  ichor  second- 
hand. But  the  water-bearers  were  so  numerous  and 
efficient  that  he  and  Keats  were  as  thoroughly  satu- 
rated as  their  more  fortunate  contemporaries.  One 


MUST  GREEK  Go?  15 

\can  read  Greek  by  proxy,  if  he  is  obliged  to  do  so ; 
/'but  lie  does  not  read  it  in  cold  and  flabby  translations  ; 
he  reads  it  in  the  warm  and  inspiring  original  with 
the  eyes  of  his  scholarly  contemporaries. 

It  is  true  that  modern  civilization  has  not  yet  spent 
itself  ;  but  it  is  also  true  that  men  have  not  yet  stop- 
ped studying  Greek.  The  utilitarianism  of  modern 
life  is  only  its  hands;  the  humanizing  and  directing 
soul  is  Greek. 

England  has  done  well  in  upholding  the  Oxford  of 
Colet  the  Greek.  It  has  given  her  her  golden  age  of 
literature  and  made  her  the  mistress  of  the  world. 
Germany  has  done  well  in  so  stoutly  maintaining  her 
Greek,  even  against  the  dictum  of  the  all-powerful 
Kaiser.  America  will  do  well  if  she  will  continue  to 
cherish  the  curriculum  that  has  given  her  her  Otises, 
her  Warrens,  her  Adamses,  her  Quincys,  her  Jeffer- 
sons,  her  Madisons,  her  Hamiltons,  her  Websters,  her 
Emersons,  her  Longfellows,  her  Holmeses,  and  her 
Lowells. 

This  nation  was  built  upon  Greek  foundations ; 
the  national  Capitol  is  a  Greek  temple ;  nearly  every 
stately  residence  of  the  Constitutional  era  reposes  in 
its  dignity  behind  a  Greek  facade.  We  started  on  our 
career  in  the  Parthenon  ;  the  men  who  could  put 
everything  into  peril  for  a  principle ;  the  men  who 


16  MUST  GKEEK  Go? 

could  extract  its  secret  from  history  and  formulate 
constitutions  fitted  at  the  same  time  to  protect  the 
most  delicate  rights  of  man  and  to  hold  together  tur- 
bulent communities,  lighting  a  beacon  of  hope  for  the 
discouraged  nations  of  the  earth,  were  very  appro- 
priately housed  behind  a  colonnade  of  Greek  columns. 
The  porch  was  a  happy  symbol  of  the  typical  stoic  of 
history  ;  and  the  Greek  flutings  and  capitals  expressed 
at  once  both  his  culture  and  his  character.  Hi& 
thought  was  on  Marathon,  Thermopylae,  Salamisr 
Platsea,  and  Leuctra ;  and  his  ideal  was  that  of  Peri- 
cles standing  with  the  temple-crowned  Acropolis  for 
a  back-ground,  and  with  Thucydides,  Euripides, 
Phidias,  and  Socrates  in  the  audience,  while  he 
delivered  that  flawless  oration  on  the  dead  of  the  first 
year  of  the  Peloponnesian  war.  In  an  address  chaste 
and  strong  as  a  Doric  temple,  as  delicately  touched 
as  the  handiwork  of  Phidias  and  Praxiteles,  as  musi- 
cal in  its  undertone  as  the  choruses  of  Sophocles,  and 
as  exalted  in  its  sentiments  as  the  philosophy  of 
Socrates,  he  voiced  the  century  that  had  driven  off 
the  Persians,  that  had  given  the  drama,  history, 
architecture,  painting,  and  sculpture  to  the  arts,  and 
that  was  ready  now  at  its  close  to  show  how  to  live 
grandly  or  die  greatly,  whichever  issue  Providence 
might  have  in  store.  This  greatest  of  centuries  began 


MUST  GREEK  Go  ?  17 

for  Athens  with  the  unequal  but  triumphant  struggles 
at  Marathon  and  Salamis;  it  was  to  and  for  her  with 
the  more  sublime  struggle  against  enemies  on  the 
heights  and  the  deadly  plague  within. 

"  Dulce  et  decorum  est  pro  patria  mori." 
The  address  was  the  act  of  a  Csesar  hopelessly  beset 
by  assassins,  gathering  his  drapery  about  his  person 
and  offering  a  decorous  breast  to  the  blow.  Soul 
•exaltation  seemed, to  be  in  the  very  air  of  Europe  in 
that  wonderful  century;  for  almost  at  that  very 
moment  the  white-bearded  senators  of  conquered 
Home  were  sitting  at  their  portals  like  statues  of 
devotion,  faithful  unto  death  in  upholding  their 
•country's  dignity,  and  placidly  awaiting  the  knife  of 
the  victorious  Gaul. 

Yes,  those  were  the  scenes  to  fire  a  patriot's  heart, 
to  lift  his  soul  to  the  heights  of  self-obliteration,  and 
to  nerve  his  arm  for  the  supreme  blow  that  was  either 
to  give  liberty  to  the  world,  or  at  least  to  make 
tyrants  tremble  in  their  capitals. 

' '  Can  tyrants  but  by  tyrants  conquered  be, 
And  freedom  find  no  champion  and  no  child, 
Such  as  Columbia  saw  arise  when  she 
Sprang  forth  a  Pallas,  undefiled  and  armed  ? " 
The  spirit  of  '76  is  still  alive  in  the  land;  it  needs 
but  an   occasion   to  arouse   the  Greek.     The  Greek 
does  enter  as  an  element  into  modern  civilization. 


18  MUST  GREEK  Go  ? 

That  marvellous  culture  of  Greece  has  inspired  and 
informed  every  great  uprising  in  the  west.  When 
the  Greek  arms  fell  powerless  the  Greek  books  went 
on  doing  their  wonderful  work.  Rome  reached  her 
zenith  of  culture  by  stooping  to  learn  Greek.  In  the 
very  golden  age  of  Roman  literature  the  very  princes 
of  that  literary  round  table  were  constantly  admon- 
ishing everybody  to  study  Greek.  Rome  Latinized 
everything  but  Greece ;  she  fell  herself  a  slave  to 
Greek  thought. 

"  Grecia  capta  Roman  captavit." 

Horace  speaks  tenderly  of  his  Greek  volumes ;  he 
is  constantly  maintaining  that  no  one  even  with  the 
^Eneid,  the  Eclogues,  the  Metamorphoses,  the  Sallust, 
the  Livy,  the  Cicero,  the  Csesar  at  his  command,  can 
lay  any  claims  to  being  a  cultured  man  if  he  has  not 
drunk  long  and  deeply  at  the  Greek  fountain. 

\We  are  told  that  it  is  enough  to  study  the  modern 
masterpieces,  or  at  most  to  go  back  only  to  classic 
Rome.  When  we  get  there  we  find  Horace,  the 
premier  of  that  classic  Rome,  impatiently  urging  his 
contemporaries  not  to  be  satisfied  with  Roman  mas- 
terpieces, but  to  "  study  Greek,  study  Greek  ". 

' '  Yos  exemplaria  Graeca 
Nocturna  versate  mami,  versate  diurna." 

He  is  constantly  raving  of  Lesbian  quills  and 
^Eolian  pipes,  of  Archilochus,  Sappho,  Alcseus,  and 


MUST  GREEK  Go  ?  19 

Pindar.     He  was  then  the  modern  to  whom  the  Greek 
genius  was  the  delight  and  the  despair. 

He  deemed  it  sufficient  for  his  immortal  renown 
that  he  had  caught  the  Greek  note  and  domesticated 
it  at  Rome.  He  claimed  to  be  only  an  echo,  a  reflec- 
tion ;  and  yet  because  he  had  echoed  and  reflected 
well  he  predicted  that  he  would  be  read  in  the  schools 
thousands  of  years  hence,  and  that  school  boys  would 
be  thumbing  their  Horaces  to  remotest  ages. 

' '  Exegi  monumentum  aere  perennius 

*  *  *  * 

aut  innumerabilis 
Annorum  series  et  fuga  temporum 
Non  omnis  moriar,  multaque  pars  mei 
Vitabit  Libitinum  : 

»'•*•-'».;.•* 

ex  humile  potens, 
Princeps  JEolium  carmen  ad  Italos 
Deduxisse  modos." 

It  is  nearly  two  thousand  years  since  Horace's  day  ; 
and  yet  his  book  is  still  thumbed  pretty  livelily  by 
school-boys.  And  in  the  same  satchel  I  am  glad  to 
say  you  will  still  find  the  book  of  the  philosophical 
historian  Thucydides,  who  closed  his  volume  with 
the  prediction  that  he  had  written  something  that 
the  world  would  read  forever,  that  the  nations  would 
not  let  die. 
Educational  notions  "  may  come"  and  educational 


20  MUST  GKEEK  Go? 

notions  "may  go";  but  it  seems  that  Horace  and 
Thucydides,  in  accordance  with  their  own  predictions, 
may  "go  on  forever." 

Horace  was  right;  modern  masterpieces  do  not 
meet  the  requirements  of  the  highest  cultivation ; 
that  can  be  attained  only  by  "  drinking  deep  "  of  the 
"  Pierian  Spring  "  and  its  famous  companion  Hippo- 
orene. 

But  what  of  those  who  have  studied  Greek  with- 
out manifest  benefit  ?  I  answer  that  many  have 
studied  English  without  manifest  benefit;  they  are 
smatterers  who  have  not  gotten  into  the  merits  of  the 
matter.  They  have  either  lacked  natural  capability, 
or  they  have  been  ill-taught.  With  anything  at  all  to 
build  upon  a  Roger  Ascham  would  make  of  his  pupil 
a  strong  and  enthusiastic  Greek  scholar.  The  student 
who  cannot  learn  Greek  well  cannot  learn  anything 
well ;  the  student  who  is  ill-taught  in  Greek  would 
be  ill-taught  in  anything  else  by  the  same  teacher. 
A  wrong  method  will  not  reach  any  goal,  Greek 
among  the  rest.  It  is  a  sad  commentary  on  our 
boasted  modern  methods  that  we  fail  to  reach  results 
in  Greek.  That  we  have  had  a  Roman,  an  Italian,  a 
German,  an  English,  and  an  American  Renaissance, 
shows  that  some  one  in  the  past  has  known  how  to 
teach  Greek.  Let  us  stop  patronizing  the  teachers 


MUST  GREEK  Go  ?  21 

now  sleeping  in  honored  dust,  and  endeavor  on  the 
contrary  to  learn  the  secret  of  their  power. 

Greek  may  be  studied  as  a  grammar ;  and  like  all 
grammars,  it  affords  a  most  stimulating  exercise.  But 
that  is  not  what  Greek  should  be  studied  for;  it 
should  be  studied  as  a  literature.  Instead  of  having 
his  pupils  nibbling  at  a  more  or  less  bitter  shell,  the 
teacher  should  reveal  the  toothsome  kernel  within, 
and  spur  his  pupil  on  to  get  it  all. 

But  these  observations  apply  to  any  other  language 
and  literature  as  well  as  to  the  Greek.  The  Greek 
presents  no  formidable  exception.  On  the  contrary 
I  think  that  Greek  literature  is  more  accessible  than 
most  others  outside  of  the  vernacular. 

Byron  well  sums  up  the  mal-teaching  of  the  classics. 

Then  farewell  Horace  ;  whom  I  hated  so 

Not  for  thy  faults  but  mine.      *      *      * 
*  #  #•  # 

The  drilled  dull  lesson,  forced  down  word  by  word 

In  my  repugnant  youth      *        * 

*      *      *      the  daily  drug  which  turned 

My  sickening  memory. 

Yes,  it  was  a  "curse"  in  his  case.     All  bad  teach-] 
ing  is  a  curse.     The  teacher  who  can  present  beauty 
of  any  kind  without  showing  that  he  feels  its  charm 
is  a  curse.     I  fear  that  we  are  developing  a  new  style ! 
of  stoicism,  which  consists  in  suppressing  all  feeling. 


22  MUST  GREEK  Go? 

The  true  stoic  would  suppress  only  the  feeling  of 
base  fear.  We  are  affecting  not  exactly  cynicism, 
but  a  composure  suggestive  of  an  icicle.  There  is  no 
sanction  for  any  such  type  of  culture ;  instead  of 
development  it  is  a  case  of  arrested  development ;  it  is 
the  poor  little  foot  of  the  Chinese  woman,  the  wretched 
product  of  murderous  repression. 

Enthusiasm  is  not  necessarily  hysterical ;  a  cultured 
enthusiasm  never  is ;  the  highest  ideal  of  culture  is 
not  to  repress  enthusiasm,  but  to  extend  it  to  the 
largest  possible  number  of  objects,  and  to  quicken  its 
responsiveness.  Enthusiasm  is  the  movement  of  the 
soul ;  it  is  the  4  God  within  '. 

The   teacher  who  presents  a   fine   thing   without 

•t  observing  that  it  is  fine  commits  an  educational  crime. 

1 1  think,  however,  that   the   lack   of   enthusiasm   in 

'classes  is  oftener  due  to  callow  ignorance  on  the  part 

'of  the  teacher   than   to   any   deliberate   attempt   at 

systematic   composure.     There   are    those   who   can 

stand  in  sight  of  Niagara  and  think  out  their  own 

trifling  cares. 

But  the  study  of  the  detested  classics  made  Byron 
after  all.  He  had  vitality  enough  to  survive  the 
methods  practised  upon  him.  If  he  did  not  learn  to 
love  Horace  he  did  love  to  learn  antiquity.  He 
became  the  most  advanced  of  philhellenes  ;  he  went 


MUST  GREEK  Go  ?  23 

to  Greece  that  was  "  living  Greece  no  more"  and 
called  her  back  to  life.  He  forced  the  "  craven 
crouching  slave  "  to  look  upon  "  Thermopylae  "  and 
reassert  the  independence  and  dignity  of  his  ancient 
race. 

' '  The  mountains  look  on  Marathon  ; 
And  Marathon  looks  on  the  sea  ; 
And  standing  there  an  hour  alone 
I  dreamed  that  Greece  might  yet  be  free." 

The  dream  was  quickly  realized ;  and  it  was  real- 
ized through  Byron's  impassioned  use  of  names;  it 
was  realized  through  that  overwhelming  force,  the 
classic  enthusiasm.  The  dislodged  Greek  did  unwit- 
tingly what  Fichte  did  deliberately ;  he  went  west 
and  trained  the  boys  to  come  back  and  restore  him. 

' '  The  Scian  and  the  Teian  muse, 
The  hero's  harp,  the  lover's  lute," 

had  long  been  singing  liberty,  manhood,  civilization,, 
and  aspiration  into  the  races  of  the  west : 
' '  Their  place  of  birth  alone  is  mute 
To  sounds  which  echo  farther  west 
Than  your  sires'  '  Islands  of  the  Blest'." 

At  last  the  West  comes  to  pay  her  debt.  The  ears 
of  the 

"  Servile  offspring  of  the  free  " 

are  greeted  with  the  voice  of  a  western  singer  calling 
up  all  the  bedimmed  memories  of  a  glorious  past : 


24  MUST  GREEK  Go? 

"  Clime  of  the  unforgotten  brave  !  " 

*#'•''*"# 

' '  The  isles  of  Greece,  the  isles  of  Greece  ! 
Where  burning  Sappho  loved  and  sung.'* 

*  *  -x-  * 

' '  Hereditary  bondsmen  !     Know  ye  not 

Who  would  be  free  themselves  must  strike  the  blow  ? " 

#  #  -x-  #  # 

"  On  Suli's  rock  and  Parga's  shore 
Exists  the  remnant  of  a  line 

Such  as  the  Doric  mothers  bore  ; 
And  there  perhaps  some  seed  is  sown 
The  Heracleidan  blood  might  own." 

*  #  *  * 

' '  These  scenes  their  story  not  unknown 

Arise  and  make  again  your  own." 

The   appeal   was   successful ;   the    prediction   was 
literally  and  quickly  fulfilled  ;  the 

"  Slaves — may  the  bondsmen  of  a  slave, 

And  callous  save  to  crime," 

the  men  who  had  been  trampled  under  tyranny  and 
bred  to  degradation  for  over  two  thousand  years, 
were  almost  instantly  a  set  of  heroes  in  arms  at  the 
throat  of  their  oppressor. 

A  singer  from  that  region 

*  *        "  farther  west 

Than  your  sires'  '  Islands  of  the  Blest '  " 
sings  the  sequel : 

"  At  midnight  in  the  forest  shades 

Bozzaris  ranked  his  Suliote  band, — 


MUST  GKEEK  Go?  25 

True  as  the  steel  of  their  tried  blades, 

Heroes  in  heart  and  hand. 
There  had  the  Persian  thousands  stood, 
There  had  the  glad  earth  drank  their  blood 

In  old  Plataea's  day  ; 

And  now  there  breathed  that  haunted  air 
The  sons  of  sires  who  conquered  there, 
With  arms  to  strike  and  souls  to  dare, 

As  quick,  as  fair,  as  they." 

If  it  is  education  to  have  lofty  ideals  and  a  purified 
taste,  then  Greek  will  continue  to  play  its  part  in  a 
scheme  of  education.     Many  still  think  with  Horace 
,  that  this  highest  culture  can  come  only  through  the 
study  of  the   Greek  classics.     Greek  is  still  in   our  I 
secondary  schools  and  higher  institutions  as  a  regular  j 
branch  of  liberal  culture;  and  it  claims  that  where  it  j 
sits  is  the  head  of  the  table.     It  is  "facile  princeps." 
\There  is  a  recoil  from  the  intense  materialism  into 
which  an  excessive  attention  to  science  was  leading 
education  ;  there   is  a  return  to  enthusiasm,  to   the 
culture  of  the  soul  and  a  building  up  of  characterA 
But  every  recoil  of  this  kind  is  a  return  to  Greek.: 
We  are   returning   to   the   humanities,  and   we   are! 
extending  the  teaching  of  Greek. 

There  seems  to  be  a  move  at  present  to  get  away 
from  history.  We  are  advised  to  look  to  the  future 
and  not  to  the  past.  We  are  told  that  the  past  has 


26  MUST  GREEK  Go? 

no  right  to  control  our  thoughts  and  actions;  that 
those  people  lived  a§  well  as  they  could  with  the  light 
which  they  had,  and  that  they  are  now  happily  laid 
away  ;  that  we  should  be  permitted  to  work  out  the 
problems  of  our  environment  undisturbed  by  folks 
who  knew  nothing  about  our  chemistry,  steam-pro- 
pulsion, and  photography. 

Very  plausible.  But  a  man  might  as  well  try  to 
get  away  from  his  shadow  as  away  from  history. 
History  is  an  unceasing  flow  ;  the  modern  man  has  no 
monopoly  of  time ;  he  has  but  his  moment  on  the 
shifting  scene  ;  his  life  like  all  the  rest  will  "  point  a 
moral  or  adorn  a  table  "  for  those  who  come  after. 
The  man  without  a  historical  perspective  is  purblind  ; 
he  cannot  see  the  future,  and  by  cutting  loose  from  the 
past  he  has  lost  his  basis  of  inference.  We  are  born 
to  look  both  ways  ;  we  are  endowed  with  a  "  great 
discourse  looking  before  and  after  ".  In  these  piping 
times  of  peace  we  may  dig  tunnels  and  build  bridges 
and  hug  our  individual  experience  ;  but  let  danger 
menace  us  in  any  form,  and  we  return  at  once  to  our 
better  selves ;  we  listen  to  the  warning  voice  of  the 
past,  and  rise  to  our  true  condition  as  "  the  heirs  of  all 
the  ages  in  the  foremost  files  of  time."  In  throwing 
down  the  gage  of  battle  at  the  outbreak  of  the  Revo- 
lution, Patrick  Henry  made  his  appeal  to  history  :  u  I 


MUST  GKEEK  Go  ?  27 

have  no  way  of  judging  of  the  future  but  by  the 
past." 

But  history  is  only  a  prattle  of  words,  or  a  bewild- 
ering maze  of  dates,  or  a  thoroughly  unconnected 
phantasmagoria,  until  the  past  peoples  begin  to  speak 
for  themselves  through  their  literatures ;  then  the 
elusive  spectres  take  on  flesh  and  blood ;  they  live 
and  love  and  sorrow  again  for  our  sakes ;  again  the 
hall  of  council  resounds  with  wisdom  and  burning 
eloquence;  again  the  busy  mart  appears;  and  again  is 
heard  the  uproar  of  commerce  with  its  thousand 
tongues  ;  again  the  creaking  cordage  is  heard  upon  the 
waters ;  and  again  the  life  of  the  past  is  so  realistic 
that  we  can  take  sides  with  the  warring  factions. 

We  cannot  be  sent  to  Greece  or  any  other  historic 
place ;  we  must  be  drawn  there.  Xenophon  pulls  us 
into  Asia  Minor  and  off  to  distant  Babylon  ;  we  act- 
ually see  the  villages  of  Armenia  ;  we  hear  the  fre- 
quent paean  as  the  heavy-armed  Greeks  rush  to  battle  ; 
we  can  feel  the  very  snow  on  the  Thracian  mountains  ; 
we  walk  right  into  the  temple  of  Diana ;  we  hear  the 
whisper  of  the  Delphic  priestess ;  we  are  present  at 
the  Olympian  games;  we  are  of  the  company  of 
young  men  drinking  in  the  wisdom  of  Socrates. 
With  Thucydides  we  actually  sail  out  of  Piraeus  and 
are  a  part  of  the  disastrous  campaign  of  Syracuse. 


' 

UNIVERSITY 

;28%^Aj^^^jgLusT  GREEK  Go? 

Froude  says  there  is  no  history  except  what  the 
/  people  say  themselves;  everything  else  is  distorted 
by  ignorance  or  colored  by  prejudice;  you  get  no 
solid  footing  in  the  matter  until  you  hear  the  people 
talk.  When  people  talk  as  well  as  the  Greeks,  and 
when  they  have  a  story  of  such  thrilling  interest  to 
tell ;  when  moreover  they  occupy  such  an  important 
point  of  departure  in  the  history  of  the  historic  races, 
it  would  seem  very  unwise,  to  say  the  least,  to  close 
our  ears  against  them. 

\  It  is  interesting  and  profitable  to  hear  any  people 
jspeak  ;  it  is  interesting,  profitable,  and  improving  to 
listen  to  the  Greeks. 

I  do  not  think  that  education  is  going  to  lose  its 
sheet  anchor ;  I  think  that  Greek  will  stay. 

But  this  discussion  involves  more  than  the  mere 
merits  of  Greek  as  an  educational  branch ;  it  involves 
the  very  life  and  death  of  our  colleges.  If  Greek 
goes,  the  college  goes  with  it.  The  disappearance  of 
the  American  college  system  would  be  nothing  short 
of  a  calamity.  The  college  carried  us  to  independ- 
ence ;  the  college  carried  us  through  the  Civil  War, 
furnishing  thousands  of  capable  officers  to  supplement 
the  handful  of  experts  afforded  by  West  Point ;  the 
college  has  furnished  mastering  ability  to  the  profes- 
sions, to  the  press,  to  the  business  enterprises  of  the 


MUST  GREEK  Go?  29 

land  ;  it  has  furnished  a  wholesome  leaven  to  public 
opinion  and  a  safe-guard  against  visionary  govern- 
mental schemes  ;  and  it  has  furnished  that  reserve  of 
public  patrontism  against  the  hour  of  sore  trial.  If 
Greek  goes  then  the  college  goes  with  it ;  for  the 
raison  d'etre  of  the  latter  will  be  gone. 

The  university  system  tends  to  centralization  ;  it 
tends  to  the  massing  of  vast  facilities  at  a  few  points. 
The  university  will  naturally  monopolize  the  teach- 
ing of  any  branch  requiring  vast  facilities.  Greek 
fortunately  does  not  require  vast  facilities ;  the  Greek 
professor  can  carry  his  outfit  with  him  in  his  trunk  ; 
and  he  can  pay  for  it  with  his  first  month's  salary. 
In  Greek  the  college  can  compete  with  the  universi- 
ties ;  while  Greek  is  deemed  the  best  thing  to  be  had, 
students  will  be  willing  to  go  to  college.  The  ten- 
dency of  a  university  is  to  centralization;  its  work 
can  be  done  only  at  a  few  points ;  the  tendency  of 
the  college,  on  the  contrary  is  to  decentralization  ;  its 
work  can  be  done  at  an  indefinite  number  of  points. 
This  decentralization  brings  college  instruction  to 
many  who  could  not  otherwise  avail  themselves  of  it, 
and  is  thus  a  public  blessing.  But  it  does  more  than 
that ;  it  brings  to  the  student  the  kind  of  instruction 

that   he   needs.  |  He  still    needs,  after   leaving   the 

t-L    —  —— « 

secondary  school,  regular  recitations  and  class  drill ; 


30  MUST  GKEEK  Go? 

he  also  needs  the  disciplinary  restraints  of  college 
regulations.  The  university  student  is  a  man  of 
settled  character;  and  he  is  therefore  very  properly 
left  to  his  own  devices.  No  one  feels  responsible  for 
him;  he  is  offered  opportunity  on  the  supposition 
that  he  is  wise  enough  to  avail  himself  of  it.  If  he 
is  not,  he  is  simply  allowed  to  disappear.  The  college 
student  is  usually  a  boy  who  needs  training;  and  in 
the  college  he  is  supposed  to  get  that  training.  The 
main  distinction  between  a  college  and  a  university, 
f  is  that  the  college  teaches  boys,  whereas  the  univer- 
sity teaches  subjects.  The  boy  is  not  ready  yet  to  hold 
his  own  in  a  university  movement  under  university 
methods  ;  nor  is  he  ready  yet  to  be  a  law  unto  him- 
self. He  is  not  able  yet  to  compete  with  men,. either 
intellectually  or  morally  ;  and  under  the  law  of  the 
survival  of  the  fittest,  he  is  only  too  likely  to  fall  to 
the  rear,  and  be  stranded  intellectually,  morally,  and 
physically.  A  boy  has  every  chance  of  failure  in  a 
great  university ;  he  has  every  chance  of  success  in  a 
college.  We  want  universities,  and  all  we  can  get  of 
them ;  but  midway  we  want  the  college.  The  grad- 
uates of  our  secondary  schools  are  ready  for  under- 
graduate work;  they  are  not  ready  for  post-graduate 
work.  But  even  if  the  university  would  do  college 
work  with  college  methods,  it  is  still  not  best  that 


MUST  GREEK  Go?  31 

boys  should  be  assembled  in  vast  numbers  ;  the  boys 
need  to  be  decentralized  ;  the  men  need  to  be  cen- 
tralized. It  is  largely  true  that  a  college  is  a  man, 
that  wherever  a  Mark  Hopkins  is  to  be  found  there 
will  be  found  a  college,  even  if  he  has  to  sit  at  one 
end  of  a  log  and  the  student  at  the  other.  He  will 
make  that  student  think,  and  make  him  aspire  ;  and 
that  is  what  a  college  education  is  for.  When  his 
mind  is  disciplined  and  his  purposes  fixed,  he  may 
then  go  in  with  the  thousands  of  other  strangers  to 
avail  himself  of  the  broadening  opportunities  of  a 
great  university. 

•  ^  But  Greek  will  not  be  saved  in  order  to  save  the 
colleges;  it  will  do  that  incidentally  ;  it  will  be  saved 
because  thousands  will  continue  to  believe  that  to  be  j 
a  Greek  scholar  is  to  have  the  benefits  and  the  badge  j 
of  a  liberal  education. 

There  is  another  thing  that  Greek  will  do  inci- 
dentally ;  it  will  save  the  efficiency  of  the  secondary 
schools.  A  rural  district  school  often  has  its  efficiency 
greatly  increased  by  the  ambition  of  a  single  pupil  to 
study  algebra.  This  ambitious  youngster  unwittingly 
helps  all  his  companions  ;  for  the  man  who  can  teach 
algebra  is  more  than  likely  to  teach  all  the  other 
branches  better  than  the  weakling  he  has  displaced. 
The  aspiration  after  Greek  will  do  a  similar  work  for 


32  MUST  GREEK  Go? 

the  secondary  schools.  Greek  calls  for  scholarship  ; 
and  scholarship  quickens  the  mathrnetics,  history,  and 
sciences,  as  well  as  the  Greek. 

The  educational  iconoclasts  recently  secured  a 
powerful  ally  in  the  person  of  the  Emperor  of  Ger- 
many. The  doings  of  the  Emperor  in  regard  to 
schools  are  attracting  profound  attention  and  study. 

Eousseau  has  very  clearly  analyzed  the  destructive 
principle  in  youth.  Innate  energy  naturally  seeks  an 
outlet.  This  appropriate  outlet  is  in  the  line  of  use- 
ful production.  But  production  is  a  slow  process, 
involving  skill  and  patience,  and  one  in  which  the 
final  product  is  more  or  less  deferred.  Youth  has 
the  energy  without  the  skill  and  patience  ;  and  in  the 
line  of  destruction  it  can  produce  a  striking  result 
suddenly  with  the  expenditure  of  the  crudest  energy. 

Whether  the  Kaiser  is  striking  with  a  boy's  caprice, 
or  whether  he  is  demolishing  with  a  view  to  a  grander 
reconstruction,  time  alone  can  determine.  The  Ger- 
man school  system  may  be  very  defective,  and  may 
be  susceptible  of  great  improvements;  but  such  as  it 
is  its  achievements  have  been  the  marvels  of  modern 
history.  After  the  battle  of  Jena  Germany  was  en- 
tirely overthrown  ;  and  for  a  time  it  seemed  as  though 
its  subsequent  history  must  be  that  of  a  French 
province. 


MUST  GREEK  Go?  33 

German  courage  and  German  physical  force  had 
succumbed  to  the  military  genius  of  Napoleon.  In 
their  darkest  hour  of  subjugation  and  despair  the 
voice  of  the  philosopher  Fichte  arose  advising  Ger- 
many to  appeal  from  the  beaten  men  to  the  possibly 
victorious  children.  He  said  that  if  they  would  train 
and  educate  those  children  they  would  save  the  history 
of  Germany.  His  advice  was  taken  ;  Germany  bent 
all  her  energies  to  the  establishment  of  schools  and 
to  the  carrying  forward  of  public  education. 

The  fulfilment  of  Fichte's  prophecy  was  seen  when 
the  old  Kaiser,  one  of  the  very  children  to  whom 
Fichte  made  the  appeal,  led  his  educated  regiments 
through  France  to  dictate  the  humiliating  peace  of 
Paris.  The  world  said  that  the  victory  was  due  to 
the  intelligence  that  was  behind  the  needle-gun. 

The  present  Emperor  turns  on  the  schools  which 
have  made  his  empire.  It  is  not  yet  manifest  how 
far  he  contemplates  smashing  this  idol.  He  says  he 
can  see  that  too  much  Latin  and  Greek  are  taught ; 
that  too  much  attention  is  given  to  old  things  and  old 
times  that  do  not  concern  us.  He  sees  this  in  the 
fact  that  so  many  of  the  young  men  have  come  to 
wearing  spectacles  and  are  noticably  lacking  in  self- 
assertion.  He  can  take  no  pride  in  a  fellow  who  can- 
not see  three  feet  ahead  of  him  and  who  is  not  going 
anywhere. 


34  MUST  GREEK  Go? 

/  In  this  the  Emperor  is  right.  No  one  can  take 
/pride  in  a  person  whose  eyesight  and  moral  stamina 
have  both  been  obliterated.  If  his  diagnosis  of  the 
jevil  be  correct,  then  he  has  done  the  world  a  mighty 
service.  If  the  study  of  Greek  and  Latin  tends  to 
the  production  of  blear-eyed  men  with  no  snap  in 
them  and  no  connection  with  modern  affairs,  then  those 
studies  could  not  be  discontinued  any  too  soon.  But  it 
will  be  seriously  doubted  by  many  that  the  study  of 
Greek  and  Latin  necessarily  tends  to  the  loss  of  eye- 
sight, to  the  loss  of  energy,  and  to  the  loss  of  ambi- 
tion. It  is  a  profound  conviction  of  many  that  the 
study  of  Greek  and  Latin  affords  the  most  powerful 
stimulus  to  all  the  faculties  of  the  mind,  and  is  the/' 
best  preparation  for  success  in  modern  affairs. 

It  will  be  doubted  by  many  whether  short-sighted- 
ness and  lack  of  energy  will  disappear  with  the  dis- 
continuance of  the  study  of  the  ancient  languages. 
Nevertheless,  the  short-sightedness  and  lack  of  energy 
are  facts ;  and  they  are  facts  resulting  in  some  way 
from  the  operation  of  schools.  The  Kaiser  has  done 
a  service  in  calling  the  attention  of  the  world  to  those 
facts.  Many  observers  are  convinced  that  the  failing 
eyesight  of  students  is  due  to  the  imperfect  ventila- 
tion of  schools,  and  to  the  neglect  of  sanitary  condi- 
tions in  general.  Hence  they  expect  that  this  form 


MUST  GREEK  Go?  35 

of  injury  will  continue  to  result  after  the  study  of 
Latin  and  Greek  is  discontinued. 

(As  has  been  already  said,  many  regard  Latin  and 
Greek  as  the  most  stimulating  of  studies.  Yet  some 
observers  know  that  Latin  and  Greek  can  be  taught 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  cause  various  kinds  of  deterior- 
ation instead  of  improvement  in  the  learner.  But 
this  deterioration  comes  not  from  the  matter  studied, 
but  from  the  manner  of  studying  it.  There  is  noth- 
ing in  the  nature  of  Greek  and  Latin  that  tends  to 
evil  results  more  than  there  is  in  other  branches  of 
study.  The  Kaiser  has  pointed  out  the  need  of  reform, 
whether  or  not  he  has  indicated  the  correct  line  of 
reform. 

Popular  education  has  done  wonders  for  America, 
as  well  as  for  Germany ;  and  in  America,  also,  the 
Kaiser  Public  Opinion  has  found  just  occasion  to 
strike  at  the  schools.  The  lack  of  health,  the  lack  of 
stamina,  the  lack  of  force  of  character  have  been 
noticed  as  too  general  a  product  of  our  schools.  The 
American  Kaiser  has  not  only  noticed  the  evil,  but 
he,  too,  has  a  remedy  to  prescribe,  empirical  though 
it  be.  His  remedy  is  manual  training.  He  says  put 
tools  into  the  hands  of  the  children  ;  and  you  will  get 
health,  intelligence,  scholarship,  and  force  of  character. 
This  optimistic  conclusion  seems  to  overlook  the 


36  MUST  GREEK  Go? 

fact  that  tools  have  been  in  the  hands  of  people  for 
several  thousand  years,  and  that  health,  intelligence, 
and  the  highest  force  of  character  were  not  promoted 
until  books  were  put  into  their  hands  instead  of  tools. 

I  would  not  be  understood  as  decrying  manual 
training  within  well-guarded  limits.  I  am  constant- 
ly extending  it  in  many  of  the  grades  of  our  own 
schools.  A  certain  amount  of  manual  exercise  is 
educating  along  very  important  lines ;  and  a  certain 
amount  of  manual  dexterity  is  a  very  important  form 
of  education. 

Both  the  German  and  the  American  Kaiser  are  cor- 
rect in  feeling  that  there  is  room  for,  and  that  there 
is  need  of,  reform  in  our  schools ;  though  the  remedy 
suggested  in  either  case  would  not  seem  to  touch  the 
surface  of  the  matter.  The  reform  of  our  schools 
must  come  in  the  improved  instruction  given  in  them, 
and  especially  in  the  improved  supervision  placed 
over  them.  All  the  conditions  of  health  must  be 
observed  in  the  construction  of  school-houses,  and  in 
the  daily  round  of  school-life.  All  forcing  or  over- 
straining of  the  children  must  be  discontinued. 
Teachers  who  are  capable  of  making  branches  means 
rather  than  ends  in  education  must  be  secured ;  and 
every  item  of  school  work  should  be  done  primarily 
with  a  view  to  the  promotion  of  desirable  traits  of 


MUST  GREEK  Go?  37 

character.  Knowledge  is  an  end  in  itself;  because 
it  is  a  very  useful  possession  to  one  capable  of  using 
it.  But  when  the  knowledge  is  forced,  regardless  of 
capability,  it  is  then  likely  to  injure  the  learner. 

The  reform  of  our  schools  must  come  by  giving 
capability  the  first  place  in  the  ends  to  be  attained, 
and  in  making  the  acquisition  of  knowledge  a  mere 
secondary  matter.  Capability  includes  three  elements, 
viz.,  a  basis  of  physical  soundness  and  teeming  energy, 
an  alert  and  well  disciplined  mind,  and  above  all  an 
invincible  moral  character. 

The  great  lesson  of  the  Columbian  World's  Fair 
was  the  continuity  of  culture  and  the  all-dominating 
supremacy  of  classical  ideals. 

We  all  expected  to  find  it  great.  The  thirty  mil- 
lions invested  in  buildings  and  fixtures  was  only  an 
item  in  the  wealth  brought  by  the  world  and  laid 
down  in  the  White  City  by  the  Lake.  We  knew 
that  the  hustling  western  city  was  on  its  mettle,  that 
it  would  have  great  resources  at  its  disposal  and  that 
the  "  affair  "  would  be  a  "  big  thing  ".  And  we  were 
not  disappointed.  It  was  a  big  thing — a  very  big 
thing — a  stupendously  big  thing — big  buildings — big 
exhibits — big  wheels — big  engines — big  trees — big 
crowds— big  everything.  We  expected  all  that,  and 
our  expectations  were  more  than  realized.  But  with 


38  MUST  GREEK  Go? 

it  we  expected  more  or  less  incongruity— -we  expected 
to  have  many  a  sly  laugh  at  the  rawness,  the  conceits, 
the  foibles,  the  bombast  of  the  obstreperous  "wild 
and  woolly  west  ".  We  thought  that  we  could  view 
big  machines,  big  ores,  and  "  big  Injuns",  and  at  the 
same  time  alleviate  our  dyspepsia.  We  thought  it 
would  pay  to  go  to  Chicago  if  only  for  the  fun.  And 
even  in  this  we  were  not  disappointed.  It  was 
very  funny  to  see  Brother  Jonathan  and  his  capable 
Jerusha  Jane,  with  grip-sack  in  hands,  rushing  to 
Chicago  three  hundred  thousand  strong  for  six  months, 
choking  down  the  quintuple  section  excursion  trains 
and  swamping  the  boarding  houses  for  five  miles  from 
the  White  City.  It  was  infinitely  diverting  to  see 
those  interesting  couples  endeavoring  to  assimilate 
the  world's  display  and  the  toughest  of  sandwiches 
and  doughnuts  at  a  single  gulp.  It  was  death  to 
dyspepsia  to  see  the  ruffled  feathers  that  emerged 
from  the  trains  that  had  been  creeping  for  days  across 
the  continent,  to  see  the  raids  on  the  " snide"  huck- 
sters and  the  rush  for  the  gates,  and  to  hear  the 
original  remarks  that  burst  forth  on  every  hand  either 
under  the  stress  of  expectation  or  the  trigger  of  real- 
ization. Brother  Jonathan  had  to  "go  off  "in  the 
cars,  on  the  grounds,  in  the  galleries,  on  the  "  Mid- 
way ",  up  in  the  big  wheel,  in  the  bowels  of  the  earth , 


MUST  GREEK  Go?  39 

on  the  battle  ship,  in  the  Court  of  Honor,  every- 
where. Brother  Jonathan  was  a  show  in  himself — 
and  very  appropriately  so— for  in  a  very  important 
sense  he  was  the  show.  He  had  come  to  see  himself 
—for  all  this  would  mean  nothing  without  Brother 
Jonathan.  He  made  the  show  and  he  came  to  see 
how  it  looked.  We  were  glad  he  was  there — it  would 
have  been  infinitely  disappointing  had  he  failed  us. 
It  would  have  been  the  play  of  Hamlet  with  Hamlet 
left  out.  When  we  saw  him  composedly  munching 
his  sandwich  in  the  Electricity  Building,  or  good- 
naturedly  taking  all  the  jamming  that  awaited  him 
at  every  turn,  or  downrightedly  hilarious  over  the 
way  he  had  been  faked  by  the  "  Arabs",  we  saw  a 
man  who  needed  no  Columbian  Guards ;  we  saw  a 
self-governing  American  citizen  ;  we  saw  a  toiler  in 
the  great  national  or  international  hive;  we  saw  one 
of  the  producers  of  the  wonders  that  we  had  come  far 
to  see.  That  man  has  his  oddities ;  but  he  knows  how 
to  take  care  of  himself,  and  Jerusha  Jane,  and  the 
children,  and  the  country.  He  is  pure,  and  clean, 
and  manly ;  and  he  can  see  as  far  into  a  mill-stone  a& 
anybody,  after  you  just  let  him  get  his  second  sight 
a  little.  And  this  admirable  Brother  Jonathan  is  a 
product  of  the  American  schools  as  they  are.  Hence, 
even  as  they  are,  they  are  very  far  from  failure. 


40  MUST  GKEEK  Go? 

I  have  said  that  we  expected  to  see  big  things  and 
funny  things;  and  we  saw  them.  But  we  saw  what 
we  did  not  expect  to  see,  a  miracle.  We  saw  that  the 
spirit  of  beauty  and  harmony  had  seized  upon  the 
whole  mass,  and  wrought  out  of  it  a  vision  fitted  to 
overwhelm  the  soul  with  tender  entrancement.  We 
may  have  gone  to  scoff,  but  we  remained  to  pray. 
No  one  contrived — no  one  was  capable  of  contriving — 
all  the  beautiful  and  harmonious  effects  that  were 
seen  at  the  White  City.  Therein  lies  the  miracle. 
It  was  the  world-soul — the  art  yearnings  of  all  the 
nations  and  all  the  ages — that  worked  up  through  it 
all  and  expressed  it  all  in  one  beautiful  and  harmoni- 
ous whole. 

' '  He  builded  better  than  he  knew 
The  conscious  stone  to  beauty  grew." 

Pope  Julius  made  over  to  Michael  Angelo  large 
sums,  and  directed  him  to  make  the  ceiling  of  the 
Sistine  Chapel  beautiful.  The  aged  pontiff  watched 
the  progress  of  the  work  with  feverish  interest  until 
ihe  could  endure  the  suspense  no  longer.  He  ordered 
^down  the  scaffolding  when  the  work  was  only  half 
»done ;  and  that  half  decorated  ceiling  stands  as  one  of 
'the  miracles  of  the  ages.  Chicago  placed  vast  sums 
in  the  hands  of  the  world's  artists,  and  simply  asked 
for  something  beautiful  as  well  as  grand.  The  man- 


MUST  GREEK  Go  ?  41 

agement  had  the  patieuce  to  wait  until  the  last  touches 
were  given  before  ordering  down  the  scaffolds  ;  so  it 
was  no  half-finished  ceiling  that  came  forth  to  the 
ravished  sight.  Michael  Angelo  lived  to  be  over 
ninety,  yet  the  great  dome  he  designed  was  unfin- 
ished at  the  time  of  his  death.  It  took  three  genera- 
tions to  put  the  finishing  touch  upon  Saint  Peter's ; 
yet  a  single  building  in  the  White  City  could  contain 
within  its  harmonious  embrace  thirteen  Saint  Peters. 
It  took  seven  hundred  years  to  get  the  last  stone 
placed  upon  the  Cathedral  of  Cologne  ;  yet  the  archi- 
tects of  the  White  City  with  all  its  unapproachable 
temples  and  palaces  ;  its  domes  and  minarets ;  its  col- 
onnades and  lagoons ;  its  islands,  fountains,  and  stat- 
uary ;  its  obelisks,  victory  pillars,  and  multitudinous 
Rialtos — were  limited  in  their  preparation  to  the 
brief  space  of  two  years.  The  scaffold  came  down  on 
time;  and  the  vision  stood  forth  in  all  its  complete- 
ness without  any  mark  of  haste  anywhere.  Beauty 
was  true  to  itself  everywhere.  It  required  the  roof 
of  the  Liberal  Arts  building  to  present  to  one  the 
glory  of  the  whole  ;  and  yet  a  magnifying  glass  would 
find  nothing  to  offend  in  any  nook  or  corner.  Indeed 
it  required  something  more  than  the  naked  eye  to 
bring  out  at  every  turn  the  thought  and  triumph  of 
builders.  Only  a  heritage  of  forms  faithfully  appro- 


42  MUST  GREEK  Go  ? 

priated  and  assimilated  could  have  done  it.  The 
artists  simply  focused  history.  To  give  an  adequate 
description  of  any  building  or  limited  area  would  re- 
quire a  book ;  to  tell  it  all  would  need  a  library.  I 
doubt  not  libraries  will  be  written  in  the  attempt  to 
express  only  certain  aspects  of  the  beauty  of  the  Fair. 
There  is  space  here  to  say  only  that  it  was  beautiful. 
One  could  feel  that;  and  could  quickly  say  that. 
Grant  that  there  was  an  illusion — that  the  apparent 
marble  was  only  the  perishable  staff.  That  does  not 
affect  the  case  in  the  slightest;  the  illusion  was  com- 
plete. The  intellect  knew  that  no  chips  had  fallen 
from  the  yielding  marble ;  but  the  aesthetic  sense  saw 
the  chisel  of  the  sculptor  everywhere ;  it  saw  the 
beauty  adorning  a  solidity  apparently  fitted  to  face 
the  wasting  effects  of  a  thousand  years.  We  know 
that  the  marbles  of  Portia's  palace  existed  only  in  the 
imagination  of  Shakespeare ;  but  to  our  aesthetic 
sense  it  is  a  solid  reality  for  all  time.  The  poem  of 
the  White  City  is  no  less  an  immortal  poem  that  it 
was  presented  to  the  eye.  It  has  the  mournful  draw- 
back that  it  cannot  be  passed  on  ;  it  can  be  a  posses- 
sion only  to  those  who  saw  it,  and  must  die  with  this 
generation.  That  is  the  pity  of  it  all. 

"  One  touch  of  nature  makes  the  whole  world  kin." 
It  is  the  touch  of  beauty  that  unifies  the  nations. 


MUST  GREEK  Go?  43 

They  may  differ  in  everything  else ;  but  they  all  re- 
spond to  the  element  of  beauty.  One  lesson  of  Chi- 
cago is  that  the  race  rises  through  the  useful  to  the 
beautiful ;  the  increased  conveniences  are  only  in- 
creased conditions  for  further  outbursts  of  beauty. 
The  millionaire^oiled  and  dug  to  put  his  money  in 
his  purse  ;  he  opened  his  purse  and  out  flew  all  forms 
of  beauty. 

Beauty  is  ever  at  harmony  with  itself.  The  beauty 
of  the  White  City  came  from  all  lands;  but  as  those 
beautiful  forms  came  into  proximity  with  each  other 
they  rushed  together  and  fused  themselves  into  a  new 
composition  more  ravishing  than  any  of  the  individ- 
ual elements  of  which  it  was  composed.  But  we  see 
more  than  that ;  we  see  that 

"  A  thing  of  beauty  is  a  joy  forever." 

When  we  analyze  the  beauty  before  us  we  see  that 
the  art  of  all  ages  is  interwoven  into  it,  as  well  as  the 
art  of  all  the  nations.  All  around  are  the  classic 
columns  and  enteblatures ;  and  we  seem  to  be  on  the 
Acropolis  in  the  Age  of  Pericles.  Phidias  has  left  his 
thought  in  Chicago;  the  Parthenon  is  everywhere. 
So  too  is  the  temple  of  Diana  and  the  Choragic  Mon- 
ument of  Lysicrates.  But  blended  with  it  all  are  the 
stately  arch,  the  victory  columns,  and  the  massive 
composite  architecture  of  imperial  Rome.  One  walks 


44  MUST  GKEEK  Go? 

in  the  Forum  under  the  shadow  of  the  Capitoline. 
You  need  not  leave  the  spot  to  get  suggestions  of 
Byzantine  architecture ;  and  while  you  stand,  a  flood 
of  sweetest  melody  rolls  out  from  chimes  away  up  in 
the  towers  of  a  Gothic  cathedral.  Look  again  from 
the  same  spot  and  through  the  same  identical  things 
and  you  are  gazing  on  the  domes  of  Michael  Angela 
and  the  architecture  of  the  Renaissance.  Step  under 
any  one  of  the  lofty  portals  and  the  thought  is  made 
complete  by  revealing  to  you  the  painted  ceiling  of 
the  Sistine  Chapel.  Out  again  and  the  very  same 
scene  is  the  Venice  of  the  Doges.  The  ducal  palace 
is  everywhere ;  the  gondolas  flit  through  the  lagoons 
and  under  the  Rialto ;  the  lion  is  rampant  on  the 
square  of  San  Marco.  Up  again  through  the  phantas- 
magoria, and  holding  the  thought  for  a  moment,  is 
Sir  Christopher  Wren  with  his  Saint  Paul's,  the  pride 
of  London.  Move  a  little,  it  is  the  Alhambra  that 
appeals  to  you  with  the  graceful  and  ravishing  archi- 
tecture of  the  Moors.  Old  Castile  has  given  to  the 
scene  something  more  than  the  caravels  of  Columbus. 
Nor  is  there  wanting  a  suggestion  of  the  India  of 
Herodotus  and  the  Egypt  of  Moses.  Even  far  Cathay 
has  lent  its  note  to  the  silent  diapason  of  beauty  which 
holds  the  soul  of  the  beholder  spell-bound.  But,  hark  ! 
the  sweet-toned  chimes  are  waking  in  the  lofty  tower. 


MUST  GKEEK  Go?  45 

What  have  they  to  say  that  will  fit  in  with  the  thought 
and  impression  of  the  moment  ?     It  is  a  simple  famil- 
iar melody,  one  of  the  heart  songs  of  the  ages : 
"  Mid  pleasures  and  palaces  though  we  may  roam 
Be  it  ever  so  humble  there's  no  place  like  home." 
The  note  is  true,  apt,  and  sympathetic  to  the  mood. 
It  is  home-making  that  has  made  all  this.     We  make 
our  homes ;  and  the  rest  is  added  unto  us. 
"  Way  down  upon  the  Suwanee  river, 
Far,  far  away." 

Again  the  note  of  home  and  affection.     Even  though 
we  do  not  all  live  on  the  Suwanee  river  the  melody 
draws  our  hearts  to  our  own  "  Old  folks  at  home  ". 
"  There's  a  land  that  is  fairer  than  day  ; 
And  by  faith  we  can  see  it  afar." 

Yes,  beauty  is  Heaven-born  and  beauty's  flights  are 
Heavenward.  It  would  do  slight  violence  to  the 
situation  to  imagine  the  pavement  of  the  Court  of 
Honor  to  be  made  of  jasper  and  gold,  and  that  all 
this  was  an  attempt  to  foreshadow  the  New  Jerusalem. 
"  Nearer  my  God  to  Thee." 

The  bells  have  worked  out  the  climax  for  us,  and 
interpreted  our  emotions  to  ourselves.  The  uplift  of 
it  all  is  toward  the  throne  of  Him  who  is  the  source 
of  the  Good,  the  True,  the  Beautiful. 

How  this  thought  is  intensified  a  little  later. 

"  Now  came  slow  evening  on,  and  twilight  gray  n 


46  MUST  GREEK  Go? 

would  seem  about  to  extinguish  the  whole  beautiful 
scene,  to  swallow  up  in  remorseless  darkness  the  pal- 
aces and  gardens  of  fairy  land  ;  when  lo !  as  by  a 
stroke  of  magic  dull  night  is  conquered  and  made 
even  more  beautiful  than  day  !  The  buildings,  canals, 
and  gardens  are  all  aglow  with  incandescent  lights  > 
fountains  of  light  in  variegated  and  swiftly  changing 
colors  are  dashing  into  the  air  and  describing  an 
infinite  variety  of  forms ;  flash  lights  are  dipping  here 
and  there  on  domes  and  towers  and  pinnacles,  on 
portals,  fountains,  and  statuary,  picking  rare  bits  of 
beauty  and  rendering  them  more  glorious  by  contrast 
with  the  surrounding  darkness.  The  last  agent  forced 
into  the  service  of  man  has  already  multiplied  the 
beauty  of  the  earth  four-fold.  One  realizes  that  he 
has  never  seen  the  Macmonnies  fountain,  or  the  Ad- 
ministration Building,  or  the  canals,  or  the  Peristyle 
at  all  until  he  has  seen  them  under  the  flashes  of  the 
electric  light.  What  ravishing  sculpture!  What 
marvelous  architecture!  What  wonderful  water 
effects  with  their  curving  bridges  and  flitting  gondolas 
are  brought  out  by  the  well-directed  flashes  from  the 
roofs  of  the  lofty  buildings  ! 

' '  And  holy  thoughts  come  o'er  me 

When  I  behold  afar 
Decending  from  the  heavenly  height 
The  shield  of  that  bright  star." 


MUST  GREEK  Go  ?  4:7 

Yes  it  was  beautiful !     It   was  divinely  beautiful ! 

There  were  worlds  of  beauty  apart  from  the  Court 
of  Honor  and  the  Grand  Canal.  In  fact  this  wonder- 
ful Latin  cross  was  designed  to  be  only  a  noble  vesti- 
bule to  the  real  temple  of  the  Fair.  That  it  made 
itself  the  centre  of  interest  and  took  supreme  posses- 
sion of  the  beholder  was  perhaps  an  accidental  result 
rather  than  a  thing  deliberately  aimed  at  in  the 
original  plan.  The  plan  contemplated  a  vast,  varied, 
and  interesting  exhibit,  and  just  purposed  to  have  it 
appropriately  housed.  The  spirit  that  soared  so  high 
on  the  mere  problem  of  the  entrance  was  not  inactive  as 
to  what  was  supposed  to  be  the  real  thing  itself. 
The  exhibits  themselves  became  simply  materials  of 
adjustment  in  the  hands  of  exacting  art :  just  as  the 
straws,  and  wool,  and  hair,  and  slime  are  controlled 
into  that  beautiful  product,  a  bird's  nest.  Ores,  and 
grasses,  and  grains ;  fabrics,  and  fishes,  and  facts  ; 
wares  and  machines,  and  utensils ;  all  the  myraid 
products  of  an  onward-sweeping  civilization — were 
forced  into  order  by  an  over-mastering  sense  of  form 
and  color.  They  became  the  mere  elements  of  in- 
numerable beautiful  pictures ;  while  art  supplemented 
its  own  effects  with  special  decoration,  and  over  it  all 
turned  on  the  sweet  airs  of  music.  It  was  Fairyland 
within  as  well  as  without.  The  sublime  vestibule  did 
lead  into  a  bewildering  temple. 


48  MUST  GREEK  Go? 

I  have  said  that  the  Manufacturers'  Building  could 
contain  within  its  symmetrical  and  harmonious  em- 
brace thirteen  Saint  Peter's ;  and  the  comparison  of 
buildings  within  a  building  was  not  a  forced  one. 
Though  the  thirteen  Saint  Peter's  were  not  there,  yet 
there  were  several  times  thirteen  gorgeous  and  mag- 
nificent palaces  in  that  great  interior,  any  one  of 
which  would  be  a  striking  object  in  any  street  of  any 
city,  and  some  of  which  were  truly  colossal.  It  wa& 
street  after  street  worthy  of  the  Arabian  Nights, 
blazing  with  color,  and — shall  we  say  ? — even  riotous 
with  form.  But  it  was  the  riot  of  infallible  and  sure- 
footed harmony,  that  could  dance  the  giddiest  mazes 
without  missing  the  slightest  figure  or  point.  A  city 
within  a  building !  And  a  city  of  such  gorgeous 
color  and  form  !  Miracle  on  miracle  piled  !  I  well 
remember  when  it  was  a  great  experience  to  go  to  the 
top  of  Bunker  Hill  Monument  and  look  down  upon 
the  distant  roofs  of  Oharlestown,  and  upon  the  pygmy 
folks  celebrating  the  heroism  of  a  hundred  years  ago. 
One  could  rise  in  the  elevator  of  the  Manufacturers* 
Building  to  a  greater  height  than  the  top  of  Bunker 
Hill  Monument,  and  still  be  under  a  roof!  Far,  far 
below  were  the  summits  of  lofty  pinnacles ;  and 
lower  still  were  the  swarming  little  black  objects 
known  to  be  human  beings  inspecting  a  city  more 


MUST  GREEK  Go?  49 

marvelous  than  fancy  ever  painted,  and  converting  by 
<contrast  into  a  poor  bazar  the  fabled  wealth  of  "  Ormus 
and  the  Ind  ". 

Fairy  land  had  its  sections  with  different  key-notes, 
but  always  in  perfect  tune.  The  very  instant  that 
you  left  the  north  end  of  the  Manufacturer's  Build- 
ing you  left  the  commanding  beauty  of  the  straight 
line,  the  wonderful  horizontals,  verticals,  and  obliques 
of  the  Court  of  Honor  and  its  noble  transept  the 
Grand  Canal.  You  now  go  "  swinging  round  the 
circle  "  under  the  full  domination  of  the  curve.  The 
rectilinear  canal  expands  into  circular  lagoons ;  the 
Hudson  of  the  Palisades  swells  out  into  Tappan  Zee 
and  Haverstraw  Bay.  You  encounter  circular  build- 
ings amidst  circular  thoroughfares,  circular  islands 
clothed  with  rarest  vegetation  and  cut  into  labyrin- 
thine mazes  with  circular  pathways.  The  domes 
become  hemispherical,  the  bridges  almost  semi-circles. 
The  gentle  pitch  of  the  Kialto  is  not  sufficiently  pro- 
nounced to  fit  in  with  the  key-note  of  this  scene. 
Where  all  this  softened  beauty  of  the  circle  centres 
itself,  there  art  with  true  instinct  planted  the  Palace 
of  Painting  and  Sculpture.  This  temple  of  pure  art, 
this  home  of  beauty  alone,  this  sanctuary  from  which 
cold  and  sodden  utility  is  utterly  excluded,  and  in 
which  the  soul  is  invited  to  feast  on  nectar  and 


50  MUST  GKEEK  Go? 

ambrosia,  is  very  properly  approached  through  the 
softening  influence  of  circular  forms.  At  every  step 
you  thrill  with  the  perfect  touch  in  things ;  you  are 
impressed  with  another  balancing  in  a  special  world 
of  beauty. 

With  other  devotees  you  ascend  a  long  flight  of 
steps  to  the  heavy  portal  of  the  sacred  temple  ;  and 
you  enter — Olympus! 

Olympus  is  a  theme  in  itself.  Happy  he  who  can 
treat  it. 

You  go  everywhere  under  a  spell — the  spell  of 
ever-present  beauty,  of  infallible  art,  of  sustained 
harmony. 

Or,  to  express  it  all  in  terms  of  music,  in  the  Court 
of  Honor  and  along  the  Grand  Canal  you  get  the 
ground  swell  of  the  sublime  organ  tones,  whereas 
passing  northward  you  strike  the  rippling  music  of 
the  piano,  gently  interspersed  with  the  dulcet  notes 
of  the  guitar.  Ravishing  sweetness !  See  the  gon- 
dola and  the  swans  rounding  Wooded  Island  ! 

But  as  you  began  in  the  Court  of  Honor  so  the 
close  of  each  day  will  find  you  there  again.  And 
there  you  will  find  stealing  over  you  a  solid  conviction 
that  here  after  all  is  the  centre  of  things  ;  this  instead 
of  being  the  entrance  is  the  pivot  of  the  whole. 
Bewitchery  remains ;  but  with  it  there  is  superadded 


MUST  GREEK  Go  ?  51 

a  sense  of  sublimity ;  and  you  resolve  to  stand  solid 
here  and  think  it  out,  while  the  whole  magnificence 
bears  down  upon  you  in  one  stupendous  effect. 

"Earth  proudly  wears  the  Parthenon, 

As  the  best  gem  upon  her  zone, 
And  Morning  ope's  with  haste  her  lids 

To  gaze  upon  the  Pyramids  ; 
O'er  England's  abbeys  bends  the  sky, 

As  on  its  friends  with  kindred  eye  ; 
For  out  of  thought's  interior  sphere 

Those  wonders  rose  to  upper  air  ; 

*  vr  * 

Those  temples  grew  as  grows  the  grass  ; 

Art  might  obey,  but  not  surpass. 
The  passive  master  lent  his  hand 

To  the  vast  soul  that  o'er  him  planned  ; " 

».-»,'*« 

"  O'er  me  soared  the  eternal  sky, 

Full  of  light  and  deity  ; 
Again  I  saw,  again  I  heard, 

The  rolling  river,  the  morning  bird  ; 
Beauty  through  my  senses  stole  ; 

I  yielded  myself  to  the  perfect  whole." 

But  the  thought  enforced  by  the  "  perfect  whole  " 
is  that  a  superficial  philosophy  has  been  mis-reading 
our  age.  This  is  truly  an  age  of  materials  ;  it  is  not 
an  age  of  materialism.  Never  were  high  ideals  more 
dominant;  and  never  were  mere  materials  more 
thoroughly  subordinated  to  aesthetic  and  ethical  ends. 


UNIVERSITY 


52     ^^4^.^iiSi>^^ST    GrKEEK    Go  ? 

You  see  it  in  the  easy  and  magnificent  triumph  of 
thought  and  culture  ;  you  see  it  in  the  admiring  gaze 
of  the  millions  from  all  walks  of  practical  life.  It  is 
the  unity  and  progressive  advancement  of  life  on  the 
earth ;  it  is  the  Greek  enlarged  by  Roman  and  Teu- 
tonic history ;  it  is  the  point  of  attainment  to  which 
indestructible  principles  have  reached. 

Many  have  stood  in  the  Court  of  Honor  who  up  to 
that  moment  had  carried  glowing  remembrances  of 
the  Centennial  Exposition  at  Philadelphia.  But 
what  a  reaction  comes  over  one  by  contrast.  The 
Centennial  exhibits  become  too  paltry  to  be  thought 
of ;  they  are  as  antiquated  and  as  much  out  of  date 
as  if  they  belonged  to  a  period  beyond  the  flood. 
And  yet  some  of  us  do  not  feel  that  we  are  much 
older  than  when  we  went  to  Philadelphia.  What  a 
rush  we  are  in  when  a  new  civilization  takes  posses- 
sion of  the  world  in  the  short  space  of  seventeen 
years !  But  at  Philadelphia  the  exhibits  were  every- 
thing, the  buildings  were  nothing  but  great  unsightly 
barns.  The  thought  ascended  no  higher  than  utility, 
and  a  poor  pinched  utility  at  that.  We  cannot  even 
concede  to  the  Centennial  the  attribute  of  size.  As 
we  now  recall  it  there  was  nothing  to  do  but  to  finger 
carpets,  and  porcelain,  and  bric-a-brac.  And  yet  the 
Centennial  is  not  to  be  despised,  even  in  remembrance. 


MUST  GREEK  Go?  53 

It  was  grand  considering  all  the  circumstances.  It 
was  the  work  of  a  nation  exhausted  by  a  frightful 
war. 

We  were  not  presentable ;  we  had  been  drained, 
and  harried,  and  torn,  and  worn.  The  flower  of  our 
youth  was  consumed  on  an  enormous  battle  line ;  and 
the  old  folks  were  at  their  wits'  end  finding  supplies 
and  hurrying  them  to  the  front.  It  was  a  desperate 
fight  for  life  ;  it  was  not  a  time  to  make  artists ;  it  was 
a  time  to  make  gladiators  and  patriots.  What  could 
those  poor  panting  gladiators  and  patriots  do  so  soon 
after  emerging  from  the  smoke  of  battle?  They  did 
what  they  could ;  and  the  Centennial  of  that  day  did 
them  as  much  credit  as  the  White  City  has  done  to 
this  generation  of  the  myrtle. 

' '  O  Beautiful !  my  country  !  ours  once  more  ! 

Smoothing  thy  gold  of  war-dishevelled  hair 

O'er  such  sweet  brows  as  never  other  wore, 

And  letting  thy  set  lips, 
Freed  from  wrath'sjpale  eclipse, 

The  rosy  edges  of  their  smile  lay  bare." 

The  set  lips  became  fully  relaxed  in  the  long  suc- 
ceeding era  of  peace ;  and  the  Court  of  Honor  was 
the  ineffable  smile  on  the  beautiful  lips  of  our  fair 
country,  from  which  every  shade  of  "  wrath's  eclipse  " 
had  entirely  departed. 

And  O  the  recuperation  of  seventeen  brief  years ! 


54:  MUST  GKEEK  Go? 

A  hundred  millions  to  throw  away  and  not  feel  it ! 
And  a  taste  and  art  so  exquisite  that  it  seems  like 
perfection  !  But  what  is  ahead  ?  The  future  will 
have  its  problems ;  the  future  will  have  its  triumphs. 

"  There  is  a  divinity  that  shapes  our  ends, 
Rough-hew  them  as  we  will." 

Meanwhile  let  us  look  again  upon  our  "  cloud-capped 
towers  and  gorgeous  palaces  "  and  give  ourselves  up  to 
the  poet's  prophetic  appeal. 

"  Build  thee  more  stately  mansions,  O  my  soul, 
As  the  swift  seasons  roll ! 

Leave  thy  low-vaulted  past ! 
Let  each  new  temple,  nobler  than  the  last, 
Shut  thee  from  heaven  with  a  dome  most  vast, 
Till  thou  at  length  art  free, 
Leaving  thine  out-grown  shell  by  life's  unresting  sea." 

The  Colosseum  of  the  Peace  Jubilee  in  Boston  in 
1872  with  its  seats  for  100,000  persons  was  regarded 
at  the  time  as  a  monster  structure ;  but  it  could  have 
been  packed  away  in  -a  corner  of  the  great  Manufac- 
turers' Building.  And  the  Jubilee  Building  was  so 
plain ;  whereas  the  Manufacturers'  Building  was  forty 
acres  of  song.  The  Eoc's  Egg  was  no  longer  a  myth ; 
there  it  lay  along  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  but- 
tressed with  as  beautiful  a  framework  as  the  eye  of 
man  ever  rested  upon. 

With  all  its  greatness  the  monster  Eoc's  Egg  did 


MUST  GREEK  Go  ?  55 

not  disturb  the  balance  of  things ;  it  overshadowed 
nothing ;  it  was  simply  in  keeping  with  its  equally 
sturdy  companions.  There  was  no  let  down  when 
you  shifted  the  radius  of  your  view  to  the  Peristyle 
and  caught  the  vistas  of  the  blue  lake  between  its 
graceful  columns  or  cut  by  its  noble  arch.  Elsewhere 
there  is  the  beauty  of  repose ;  but  here  it  is  the  beauty 
of  action.  It  is  imperialism  symbolized.  The  arch 
with  its  crowning  quadriga  seem  a  thing  instinct  with 
life;  teeming  with  force  and  vitality  it  seemed  dis- 
posed to  move  forward  with  an  irresistible  sweep. 
Truly  the  art  of  Home  found  suitable  expression  for 
the  genius  of  the  nation. 

"  Thence  to  the  gates  cast  round  thine  eye  and  see 
What  conflux  issuing  forth  or  entering  in." 

The  triumphal  arch  is  ready  for  the  Imperator ; 
we  are  ready  to  hear  his  trumpets  sound  and  to  see 
him  sweep  through  the  arch  with  his  retinue  of  the 
conquering  and  the  conquered  on  the  way  to  the 
Capitol.  Is  it  to  be  Pompey,  Caesar,  or  Constantine  ? 

' '  The  city  which  thou  seest  no  other  deem 
Than  great  and  glorious  Rome,  Queen  of  the  earth, 
So  far  renowned,  and  with  the  spoils  enriched 
Of  nations ;  there  the  Capitol  thou  seest 
Above  the  rest  lifting  his  mighty  head 
On  the  Tarpeian  rock,  her  citadel 
Impregnable  ;  and  there  Mount  Palatine 


56  MUST  GREEK  Go  ? 

The  imperial  palace,  compass  huge,  and  high 

The  structure,  skill  of  noblest  architects, 

With  gilded  battlements,  conspicuous  far, 

Turrets  and  terraces,  and  glittering  spires. 

Many  a  fair  edifice  beside,  more  like 

Houses  of  gods,  (so  well  I  have  disposed 

My  aery  microscope)  thou  mayst  behold 

Outside  and  inside  both,  pillars  and  roofs, 

Carved  work,  the  hand  of  famed  artificers, 

In  cedar,  marble,  ivory,  or  gold." 

Who  can  doubt  that  this  was  the  thought  that  gave 
birth  to  this  glorious  airy  structure  ?  Six  hundred 
feet  of  columned  and  arched  magnificence,  with  a 
great  column  for  each  State  and  Territory  of  the 
American  Union.  Imperial  America  could  well  be 
symbolized  in  terms  of  imperial  Rome ;  even  though 
the  victories  of  the  former  are  only  those  of  peace  ; 
while  the  latter  was  the  very  incarnation  of  war. 
Such  was  the  thought  of  the  Peristyle,  boldly  con- 
ceived, gloriously  executed.  A  volume  might 
be  written  on  the  exquisite  detail,  conscientiously 
and  triumphantly  interwoven  into  this  great  work  of 
art.  It  is  a  great  combination  to  be  at  once  spirited 
and  exact ;  "  Homer  was  the  greater  genius,  Yirgil 
the  better  artist."  The  Peristyle  was  at  once  a  glow- 
ing inspiration  and  a  faultless  piece  of  workmanship. 
And  it  was  exceedingly  rich  in  detail  without  con- 
veying the  slightest  impression  of  being  ornate  or 


MUST  GREEK  Go?  57 

overloaded.  Like  a  beautiful  picture  it  existed  for 
no  other  use  than  to  express  a  beautiful  conception. 
It  would  seem  that  art  is  most  untrammeled  where 
the  idea  of  utility  is  entirely  wanting,  and  where  no 
question  of  adaptation  is  involved.  The  art  that 
adorns  seems  not  to  reach  quite  the  exquisite  results  of 
the  art  that  simply  externalizes  a  conception  of  beauty 
for  the  sake  of  the  beauty  alone.  Thus  you  think 
before  those  admirable  colossal  groups  of  symbolical 
statuary  flanking  the  Great  Basin  and  the  Grand 
Canal ;  thus  you  think  while  gazing  upon  that  cen- 
tral piece  of  ecstasy,  the  Macmonnie's  Fountain. 

I  found  our  glorious  country  fully  symbolized  in 
the  glorious  Peristyle.  There  I  found  wonderfully 
interwrought  the  ideas  of  Union,  Strength,  Beauty, 
Movement,  Power — all  the  qualities  for  which  Col- 
umbia stands  pre-eminent  in  the  long  genealogy  of 
nations.  This  true  Columbian  monument  looked 
proudly  up  the  Court  of  Honor,  as  if  to  say:  "These 
are  great  but  they  are  mine." 

In  the  great  Art  Palace  everything  seemed  to  be 
in  the  superlative  degree ;  and  it  was  no  wonder  that 
the  thronging  people  stopped  every  where  to  gaze  and 
admire.  Mediocrity  withered  at  the  entrance  to  that 
magnificent  Grecian  temple  ;  only  genius  could  pene- 
trate to  its  rotundas  or  obtain  space  upon  its  seeming 


58  MUST  GREEK  Go? 

miles  of  walls.  The  sculpture  was  not  "  frozen 
music " ;  there  was  nothing  frozen  about  it ;  it  was 
bounding  life  and  action.  There  was  life  in  the 
stone.  The  men  and  women  were  breathing,  think- 
ing, suffering,  enjoying,  triumphing.  The  animals 
were  springing,  frisking,  crouching,  tearing,  sleeping, 
according  to  their  natural  bent.  And  such  magnifi- 
cent human  beings;  such  superb  animals  !  The  poor 
camera  turned  upon  actual  life  gives  but  faded  types, 
but  feeble  action;  the  artist  evolves  the  ideal,  the 
perfect.  It  is  always  easier  to  imagine  a  perfect  thing 
than  to  find  one.  How  tame  and  commonplace  the 
best  portraits  in  the  galleries  compared  with  the  ideal 
heads,  the  lives  that  never  lived  except  in  the  painter's 
imagination  and  afterwards  on  his  canvas.  No,  these 
scenes  in  the  rotundas  are  not  "  sermons  in  stones  "  ; 
you  find  those  in  great  abundance  over  there  in  the 
Mines  Building;  and  profoundly  interesting,  instruc- 
tive, and  edifying  sermons  they  are.  These  are 
tragedies,  comedies,  idyls,  epics  in  stone.  But  one 
cannot  gaze  upon  them ;  one  cannot  gaze  upon  the 
noble  building  that  contains  them,  without  feeling 
our  great  debt  to  a  by-gone  age.  These  are  after  all 
but  fine  discipleship ;  the  masterhand  which  has 
inspired  it  all  wrought  in  Athens  in  the  fifth  and 
fourth  centuries  before  Christ.  Our  artists,  whether 


MUST  GREEK  Go?  59 

consciously  or  unconsciously,  are  just  trying  to  be  as 
Greek  as  they  can.  In  some  of  our  mush-room  cities 
art  has  indulged  itself  in  some  wild  experiments ; 
under  the  supreme  ordeal  of  the  White  City  it  did 
not  dare  to  be  otherwise  than  classic.  Phidias  and 
Praxiteles  were  the  masters  that  directed  our  glorious 
modern  young  men. 

Art  is  not  a  development ;  and  the  World's  Fair 
demonstrates  it ;  it  is  just  an  attempt  to  get  as  near 
to  Greece  as  you  can.  Those  Greeks  have  ever  been 
"the  delight  and  the  despair  of  the  moderns". 

Homer,  Phidias,  Praxiteles,  and  Apelles  inspire  all 
the  beauty  of  the  modern  world.  In  the  White  City 
they  were  regnant.  Hence  the  great  success  of  the 
White  City. 

I  had  long  wanted  to  see  the  "  Teucer  "  of  Thorny- 
croft  ;  and  there  it  was  in  the  rotunda  of  the  Art 
Palace  with  the  label  of  a  gold  medal  attached  to  it. 
That  lithe  young  archer  of  the  Greeks  had  just  dis- 
charged his  arrow  and  was  watching  with  perfect  con- 
fidence for  its  assured  effect.  But  I  thought  I  saw  in 
that  fine  production  a  suggestion  of  the  "  David"  of 
Michael  Angelo,  as  that  magnificent  youth  looks  forth 
upon  the  Philistine  whom  he  is  about  to  slay.  And 
the  "  David "  seems  to  carry  a  suggestion  of  the 
Apollo  Belvedere.  Thus  the  best  in  modern  art  is 


60  MUST  GREEK  Go  ? 

ever  suggesting  its  genesis  in  the  marbles  of  Paros 
land  Pentelicus.  The  Greeks  fixed  the  line ;  Angelo 
Iprowded  it  closely ;  Shakespeare  as  the  solitary  excep- 
tion of  the  ages  shot  above  it,  and  made  a  higher 
Olympus  of  his  own.  But  for  the  rest  they  need 
Homer,  Pindar,  Theocritus,  Phidias,  Praxiteles,  A  pel- 
les,  the  Elgin  marbles,  the  Castellani  marbles,  the 
"Laocoon",  the  Apollo  Belvedere,  the  Venus  de 
Milo,  and  the  Farnese  Bull.  The  dance  is  fine  when 
Helicon  supplies  the  lyre. 

"  Or  turning  to  the  Vatican,  go  see 
Laocoon's  torture  dignifying  pain — 
A  father's  love  and  mortal's  agony 
With  an  immortal's  patience  blending. 
Vain  the  struggle  ;  vain  against  the  coiling  strain 
And  gripe,  and  deepening  of  the  dragon's  grasp, 
The  old  man's  clench  ;  the  long  envenomed  chain 
Rivets  the  living  links, — the  enormous  asp 
Enforces  pang  on  pang,  and  stifles  gasp  on  gasp. 
Or  view  the  Lord  of  the  unerring  bow, 
The  God  of  life,  and  poesy,  and  light — 
The  Sun  in  human  limbs  arrayed,  and  brow 
All  radiant  from  his  triumph  in  the  fight. 
The  shaft  hath  just  been  shot — the  arrow  bright 
With  an  immortal's  vengeance  ;  in  his  eye 
And  nostril  beautiful  disdain,  and  might 
And  majesty  flash  their  full  lightnings  by, 
Developing  in  that  one  glance  the  Deity. 
But  in  his  delicate  form— a  dream  of  love 


MUST  GREEK  Go?  61 

*        *        *        *        are  expressed 
All  that  ideal  beauty  ever  blessed 
The  mind  with  in  its  most  unearthly  mood, 
When  each  conception  was  a  heavenly  guest — 
A  ray  of  immortality— and  stood 
Starlike,  around,  until  they  gathered  to  a  God  ! 
And  if  it  be  Prometheus  stole  from  Heaven 
The  fire  which  we  endure,  it  was  repaid 
By  him.  to  whom  the  energy  was  given 
Which  this  poetic  marble  hath  arrayed 
With  an  eternal  glory— which,  if  made 
By  human  hands,  is  not  a  human  thought ; 
And  Time  himself  hath  hallowed  it,  nor  laid 
One  ringlet  in  the  dust — nor  hath  it  caught 
A  tinge  of  years,  but  breathes  the  flame  with  which  'twas 
wrought. 

Must  Greek  go  ?  Well,  not  right  away — not  at 
least  until  the  memories  of  the  great  World's  Fair 
have  grown  dim  in  the  minds  of  the  people.  The 
cause  of  the  White  City  may  be  found  in  these  words 
of  Professor  Tracy  Peck  of  Yale  University  : 

"  No  one  can  make  even  a  slight  acquaintance  with 
Rome's  characteristic  literature  without  coming  into 
such  contact  with  elevating  thoughts  and  clear  and 
artistic  expression  as  to  have  a  desire  to  reproduce 
the  best  things  in  his  own  life  and  environment.  An 
eminent  graduate  of  this  college  once  said  that  to 
have  learned  the  proper  functions  of  the  word  '  there- 


62  MUST  GREEK  Go? 

fore ',  was  sufficient  compensation  for  years  spent  in 
learning  Latin,  and  many  a  master  of  English  style 
has  found  the  best  explanation  of  his  art  in  his  severe 
and  manifold  drill  in  the  classics." 

A  friend  of  mine  went  to  Chicago  in  a  somewhat 
perfunctory  way ;  because  it  seemed  the  regular  thing 
to  do.  But.  being  an  intelligent  man,  he  was  quickly 
impressed  with  the  extreme  beauty  and  deep  signifi- 
cance of  what  he  saw.  Being  an  intelligent  man  he 
saw  the  importance  of  all  this  to  his  children ;  so  he 
hastened  back  nine  hundred  miles  to  get  his  two  little 
boys,  aged  respectively  eight  and  ten  years.  Expense 
was  not  to  be  thought  of ;  so  he  gave  the  little  fel- 
lows two  weeks  among  the  great  sights.  He  wanted 
to  get  the  impress  of  those  forms  on  their  minds ; 
and  he  knew  that  there  was  no  other  way.  A  descrip- 
tion of  the  White  City  might  hold  them  perhaps 
three  minutes ;  a  discussion  of  it  would  hold  them 
less  than  three  seconds  ;  but  to  be  in  the  White  City 
was  education  in  all  that  the  White  City  stood  for. 

I  doubt  whether  my  friend  had  fully  formulated 
the  matter ;  but  he  was  just  giving  his  children  a 
classical  education  of  the  most  intensely  classical  kind ; 
and  he  was  giving  it  in  the  genuine  classical  way. 
We  do  not  ask  our  youth  to  listen  to  a  description  of 
antiquity  and  endure  a  discussion  of  it ;  we  ask  them 


MUST  GREEK  Go?  63 

to  read  the  classical  authors  and  thus  be  in  the  White 
City  itself.  As  my  friend  expected  his  boys  to  absorb 
much  that  they  would  have  loathed  if  presented  in 
any  other  way,  so  we  very  properly  expect  our  youth 
by  living  in  antiquity  to  absorb  all  that  that  great 
antiquity  is  capable  of  teaching  them.  It  is  a  great 
thing  for  any  one  to  get  behind  history,  and  come 
down  through  it.  We  are  born  at  one  end  ;  if  our 
education  puts  us  at  the  other  we  are  pretty  sure  to 
force  the  circuit. 

Greek  is  not  likely  to  go  if  such  men  as  Dr.  W.  T. 
Harris,  United  States  Commissioner  of  Education 
and  one  of  the  profoundest  educational  philosophers 
of  the  time,  can  speak  of  it  as  follows  : 

"  Latin  and  Greek  in  the  light  of  the  doctrine  of 
evolution,  which  is  beginning  to  prevail  in  natural 
science  and  will  by  and  by  prevail  in  education — Latin 
and  Greek  are  not  dead  languages.  Nor  were  they 
ever  essentially  more  useful  in  a  liberal  education 
than  now.  Although  they  once  formed  the  language 
of  the  learned,  still  their  chief  value  consisted  in  the 
fact  that  they  were  the  languages  of  the  two  peoples 
that  originated  the  civilization  which  we  have 
borrowed. 

"  The  Greeks  brought  to  perfection  art  and  poetry, 
and  finally  philosophy  and  science.  Only  rudiment- 


64:  MUST  GREEK  Go? 

ary  beginnings  of  these  things  come  to  us  from 
other  peoples.  The  Romans  borrowed  art,  literature, 
science,  and  philosophy  from  the  Greeks,  but  they 
invented  jurisprudence — they  transmitted  to  all 
modern  people  that  have  reached  the  rank  of  civil- 
ized nations  the  forms  of  acquiring,  holding,  and 
transmitting  private  property  and  the  municipal  and 
corporate  forms  by  which  individuals  may  live 
together  in  a  community  without  internecine  conflict 
or  dwarfing  of  individual  development.  The  roots 
of  our  civilization  grew  in  Home  and  Athens  :  Rome 
giving  the  forms  of  science  and  literature.  But  if 
this  be  so  why  cannot  one  get  what  is  valuable  by 
studying  their  history  and  archaeology  and  by  reading 
good  translations  of  their  literature  ? 

"Because  to  understand  comparative  history  and 
archaeology  requires  maturity.  These  are  studies  of 
the  college  or  university.  The  youth  finds  himself 
in  a  derivative  civilization,  and  is  best  helped  by 
studying  the  language  in  which  the  ideas  that  uncon- 
sciously form  his  life  were  first  developed  and 
expressed.  To  learn  a  language  is  to  learn  to  realize 
in  our  minds  just  the  volitions,  feelings,  and  ideas 
that  its  originators  conceived  and  expressed  in  the 
words  that  we  read.  Each  nation  has  its  view  of  the 
world  cut  out,  defined,  and  expressed  by  its  vocabu- 


MUST  GREEK  Go?  65 

lary.  Latin  and  Greek  are  the  spiritual  clothes  of 
the  Romans  and  Greeks.  To  put  on  these  gives  us  a 
power  to  understand  our  inherited  forms  in  art,  liter- 
ature, and  philosophy,  in  legal  usages  and  civil  and 
corporate  combinations. 

"  This  is  especially  so  in  the  Romance  nations,  whose 
languages  are  modifications  of  Latin  ;  especially  so  in 
the  English,  which  derives  all  except  its  colloquial 
vocabulary  from  the  Latin  and  Greek.  But  it  is  true 
also  of  Germans  and  Slavs  and  Scandinavians  as  well. 
They  find  the  embryology  of  their  civilization  in 
Greece  and  Rome  just  as  we  do,  and  therefore  train 
their  choice  youth  for  many  years  on  Latin  and  Greek 
in  order  that  they  may  all  make  a  new  conscious 
Greek  and  Roman  foundation  to  their  lives,  which 
will  help  them  to  understand  the  separate  elements 
of  their  composite  civilization  and  see  better  its  aims 
and  means  of  achievement. 

"  This  early  study  of  Latin  and  Greek  gives,  at  the 
outset,  what  one  gets  in  mature  life  from  studying 
the  philosophy  of  history.  It  gives  it  in  the  form  of 
science  or  philosophy. 

"  The  youth  equipped  with  Latin  and  Greek  has 
powers  of  learning  and  understanding  whatever  relates 
to  the  social,  political  and  legal  forms  and  usages  of 
his  people,  that  give  him  a  distinct  advantage  over 


66  MUST  GREEK  Go? 

the  youth  educated  only  in  *  moderns '.  Any  other 
ancient  language,  say  Chinese  or  Sanskrit,  does  not 
contain  the  roots  of  his  civilization.  Any  modern 
European  language  is  full  of  ideas  and  forms  of  feel- 
ing and  will,  that  find  explanation  only  in  Greek  or 
Latin. 

"  On  learning  to  see  this  question  of  language-study 
in  the  light  of  the  evolution  of  civilization,  I  came  to 
understand  why  the  Chinese  lay  so  much  stress  on 
the  study  of  the  writings  of  Confucius  and  Mencius, 
and  why  the  high-caste  youths  of  India  study  San- 
skrit. I  have  long  since  abandoned  my  objections  to 
the  traditional  education  of  Latin  and  Greek  in  col- 
legies  and  academies." 


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